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| Parenteral |
| Administration of a drug avoiding the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. by means of injections, patches, creams). |
| Pearl Index |
| Measure of the effectiveness of a contraceptive method. The Pearl Index gives the number of unwanted pregnancies when a method is used by 100 couples for 12 months. The lower the Pearl Index the more effective the method. |
| Partial hysterectomy (subtotal hysterectomy) |
| A surgical procedure in which the fundus of the uterus is removed, but the cervix is left in place. Because the ovaries are not removed, the body continues to produce estrogen and the symptoms of menopause are not experienced as a result of surgery but will occur naturally later in life. |
| Pap test (Pap smear test) |
| Used for detecting and diagnosing malignant (cancerous) and premalignant (precancerous) conditions of the female genital tract. |
| The “Patch” (transdermal medication) |
| A means of administering medication through the skin. This technique is often used in the administration of estrogen via a patch containing estrogen. |
| Pelvic exam |
| A procedure conducted by a physician in which the female reproductive tract is examined. Once a woman is over 18, it should be done once a year. The pelvic examination is used to discover defects or diseases of the reproductive tract. |
| Penis |
| Male sex organ that is introduced into the vagina to transmit sperm. This is preceded by an erection produced by the flow of blood into the erectile tissue of the penis. |
| Perimenopause |
| Phase of menopause that begins with onset of the typical menopausal symptoms and ends one year after the last menstruation. |
| Period |
| Menstruation, menstrual period. |
| Periodic abstinence |
| See Natural family planning. |
| The “Pill” (oral contraception) |
| Oral contraceptives belong to the most effective reversible methods of birth control. Oral contraceptives contain hormones that prevent pregnancies in different ways. |
| Pituitary gland |
| Sometimes referred to as the “master gland,” the pituitary is one of the most important of the endocrine glands (glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream). The pituitary regulates and controls the activities of other glands and many body processes. |
| Placenta |
| The organ formed during pregnancy for supplying the developing child in the uterus with oxygen and nutrients and removing the waste products of metabolism. |
| Polymenorrhea |
| Too frequent menstruation. |
| Portio cap |
| Cervical cap |
| Postcoital pill |
| Hormone preparation used for emergency contraception after unprotected sexual intercourse or failure of a contraceptive method. Also known as the morning-after pill. |
| Postmenopause |
| Last phase of menopause. Begins one year after the last period and ends at the age of 65. |
| Premenopause |
| First phase of menopause covering a period of 5-10 years before the last period. |
| Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) |
| Most menstruating women experience symptoms prior to their periods. For some women, these symptoms can be quite severe, involving a combination of emotional and physical changes. Emotional changes may include anger, anxiety, confusion, mood swings, tension, crying, depression, and the inability to concentrate. Physical symptoms include bloating, swollen breasts, fatigue, constipation, headache, and clumsiness. |
| Progestational hormones |
| Female sex hormones. Collective term for all natural and synthetic female sex hormones that have a similar effect to progesterone. |
| Progesterone |
| Female sex hormone produced mainly by the corpus luteum. Progesterone is the most potent natural progestational hormone. During pregnancy the placenta also produces progesterone. Progesterone regulates the female reproductive functions together with estrogen and plays a particular role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Synthetic hormones that have an effect similar to that of progesterone are called progestogens. These are used in drugs. |
| Progestogen |
| Progestogens: name for a group of synthetic hormones with progesterone-like actions. |
| Progestins |
| Generic term for both the natural hormone progesterone and the synthetic progestogens that have progesterone-like actions. |
| Progestin-only pill |
| See Minipill. |
| Progestins |
| Progestational hormones. |
| Progestogen |
| Progestational hormones. |
| Promiscuity |
| Sexual intercourse with frequently changing partners. |
| Promiscuous |
| Having sexual intercourse with frequently changing partners. |
| Prophylaxis |
| Measures for the prevention and early detection of disease. |
| Prostaglandins |
| Class of hormone-like substances, tissue hormones. They are released rapidly as required and usually act at their site of production. They are involved in numerous processes (e.g. pain, inflammation etc.). Certain prostaglandins also play a role in childbirth because they induce uterine contractions and widen the cervix. The painful contractions of the uterine muscle responsible for menstrual cramping (Dysmenorrhea) are also caused by prostaglandins. Synthetic prostaglandins are used as drugs. |
| Puberty |
| The process of physical sexual maturation, beginning between ages 8 and 13 and lasting from 1 1/2 to 6 years. In the strictly biological sense: the phase the secondary sexual characteristics develop and sexual maturity occurs (between ages of about 10 to 15 years). In girls, sexual maturity is reached with occurrence of the first menstruation (menarche), while in boys; it is reached with the first spontaneous ejaculation. |
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